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you can't really do it in vivo it's not

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that not that easy I mean you certainly

3
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can't do it in a human eye and the

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rhodopsin has to be considered in many

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different lights and so we take a look

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at it by putting it on to an inorganic

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semiconductor let's just use gallium

8
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arsenide doesn't really matter but it's

9
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attached to a man-made inorganic

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semiconductor put the bacteria rhodopsin

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up there and take a look at it you shine

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light on it what happens a

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conformational change in the protein

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occurs so far so good and then it's

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detected by the inorganic semiconductor

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and then amplified for eventual

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detection by man sending somewhere in

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the laboratory right now well that's

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nice and this helps to give us an idea

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of how bacterial rhodopsin works and

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helps to get us some answers so this has

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been suggested thus far rhodopsin is

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very well known to be packed into RI why

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is that because if you've got a whole

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bunch of rays emanating from the back of

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the room and they are all parallel and

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they're going to hit the wall behind me

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how many of them are am I going to

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intercept very few no matter how fast I

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run back and forth we're not going to

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intercept that many the ones that I I

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detect great but most of them going to

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go to my right to my left to the top

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they're going to miss me and therefore I

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need to do something I need to clone

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myself now no matter how unattractive

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this may sound to some of you if i

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cloned myself and spread myself out i

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will be able to detect more why because

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these rays are going to be parallel and

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I've now increased my detection level it

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has been suggested by German researchers

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this is the way it has to be the insect

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is so ridiculously sensitive they must

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be packed in there the odorant receptors

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must be packed so they take a look

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immunolabeling they're not there find a

48
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few there's nowhere near what we are

49
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needed and so this is a problem as a

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matter of fact we found more other

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proteins than we found of the putative

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odorant receptors sensory neuron

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membrane proteins are found in a higher

54
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concentration than the putative odorant

55
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receptors this is a problem what is

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going on here based on the current

57
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paradigm I've got my son Silla a

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pheromone comes in it's going to impact

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at a specific point that specific point

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is going to be right there it's not

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going to be on the other side it's only

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going to be at that specific point that

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pheromone will go through a poor at that

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specific point

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that pheromone will then hit the

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dendrite very close to that particular

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point it's a point effect is this the

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way an antenna works no and antenna

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works if you've got an electromagnetic

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frequency and the antenna is detecting

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it is not a point affect the whole

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antenna will light up in a more or less

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fashion like this so if it's based upon

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antenna theory which I'm espousing right

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now you're going to have a different way

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of detecting it a conductor is a

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substance or body capable of

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transmitting electricity heat or sound

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the antonym would be an insulator but a

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semi conductor any of a class of solids

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whose electrical conductivity is between

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that of a conductor in an insulator and

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this is what we're dealing with right

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now at least that's what I'm proposing a

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protein semiconductor is a semi

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conductor god bless you with a protein

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constituent a protein constituent so

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proteins are able to detect

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electromagnetic frequencies well known

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great field going on out there so I told

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you what response time of one

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millisecond one millisecond equals 1

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million picoseconds the researchers have

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taken a look at this upon the absorption

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of light there is a shift of electron

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density in rhodopsin which begins the

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photoisomerization process and about 1.6

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picoseconds as measured by a 500m to a

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second laser well that's great that's

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plenty of time may now I've got a

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mechanism that works within the time

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period that I need which is one

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millisecond Alonsa take to recover it's

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about 300 milliseconds what about

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bacteria rhodopsin resets itself in

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about 10 milliseconds well this is great

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this again gives me plenty of time

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because ninety eight percent of it is

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going to be reset in just 20

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milliseconds so it's fast detection it's

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fast recovery this is looking good it

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has been shown now for some of you may

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not think well this is this is nice Tom

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but this is I need some more evidence

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can you give me something more I'll be

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happy to it has been shown that upon

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strong illumination rhabdo meter real

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skeleton shows structural changes so

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they take the light and they hit the RAB

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de marde this causes structural changes

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in the cytoskeleton it's a very

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interesting response it's not really

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seen that much but it's an interesting

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characteristic Kumar and killed two

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german researchers of

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on that pheromone stimulation not just

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any stimulation but high pheromone

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stimulation induces cytoskeletal changes

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in olfactory dendrites of the male

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Saturn I at Moss beautiful I've got

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another connection let me give you

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another connection g-protein coupled

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receptors proteins belong to many

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different families one of the more

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common ones are the g-protein coupled

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receptors they are known as seven

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transmembrane alpha helix structures

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they pass through the membrane seven

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times the g-protein coupled receptors I

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talked about in human olfaction is the

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same thing as what you find in the

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insects the odorant receptors are the

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same and so when I'm proposing on this

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last slide right now is when the

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pheromone molecules get close to the

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sencilla they light up as detected by

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protein semiconductors and this is how

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my theory is now being put forward thank

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you very much for your time appreciate

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it okay we have a few minutes for

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questions and I already see one arm

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raised Francesca McCartney hi Francesca

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I would you comment or do you have a

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comment on Luca turns off faction

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research I'd be happy to comment on that

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Luca torrents olfaction research is

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based upon the vibrational energy the

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same as the insects the problem is that

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Luca turns Theory looks at electron

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tunneling which is a fundamentally

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different theory than the dielectric

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antenna theory and so if you take a look

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at how these two mechanisms lineup they

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don't they're still looking at the

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vibrational energy but it's two

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different ways of looking at the

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vibrational energies on the two even

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though I support what he's doing and

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I've communicated with them we don't

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have much to talk about because we're

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looking at two different things next

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question / yes Glen Rhine I assume that

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bugs can smell in the dark yes so your

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theory requires light activation of the

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semi conductor mechanism no I never said

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that because you told us a lot about how

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light activates the semiconductors so

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that's one half of the question

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the other half of the question is why do

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you need an intimate intermediary

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protein molecule to act as the

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transducer when electromagnetic fields

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can directly affect receptors at least

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in mammalian systems and an

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electromagnetic field can propagate

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right through the whole center part of

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whatever you called it and activate the

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cytoplasmic receptor yes it is still

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possible that that is happening the

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reason why I consider that unlikely is

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because the neuronal response is so

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clean and so basic that it I do believe

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that a protein is allowing ions to enter

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a neuronal response is all about I on

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interchange calcium influx was talked

196
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about in Lucas's talk earlier on is

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really nothing different here and

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therefore you're going to need a protein

199
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in order to have ions come in and set

200
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the normal neuronal response so

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therefore I do believe that proteins are

202
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involved however it's not necessary um

203
00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:31,710
is short antenna theory small antenna

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much smaller than wavelength resonant

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antennas part of this no actually these

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antennae or sencilla are set up at about

207
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the right wavelength for the infrared

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00:07:47,060 --> 00:07:45,240
frequencies which are coming from the

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vibrational molecules now as you know

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they don't have to line up or as you

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00:07:51,380 --> 00:07:49,620
mate I'm not sure what your background

212
00:07:52,310 --> 00:07:51,390
is but they don't have to line up

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00:07:53,990 --> 00:07:52,320
perfectly doesn't have to be a

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00:07:57,290 --> 00:07:54,000
one-to-one but it has to be pretty close

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00:07:59,420 --> 00:07:57,300
and they are close good question good

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00:08:03,080 --> 00:07:59,430
antenna question can you relate this to

217
00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:03,090
the the way the dendrites on neural

218
00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:06,810
neurons in the brain work related to

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00:08:11,600 --> 00:08:08,130
wood that way neurons in the brain

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00:08:15,050 --> 00:08:11,610
actually yeah actually this is a

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00:08:16,910 --> 00:08:15,060
question which is outside the my talk it

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00:08:19,250 --> 00:08:16,920
would not be easy to do so because the

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vertebrate neuron is much much much

224
00:08:25,490 --> 00:08:21,720
simpler than the insect neuron and I'm

225
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so happy to say that insect neurons are

226
00:08:28,820 --> 00:08:27,360
far more complicated vertebrate neurons

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00:08:30,290 --> 00:08:28,830
are very simple that just you know

228
00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:30,300
you'll have you know billions of them

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whereas the insect neurons because

230
00:08:35,870 --> 00:08:33,360
there's only a few hundred thousand of

231
00:08:37,490 --> 00:08:35,880
them are much more diverse and have very

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00:08:39,500 --> 00:08:37,500
different capabilities so to make a

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00:08:42,230 --> 00:08:39,510
comparison I just can't I just can't and

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00:08:44,540 --> 00:08:42,240
I'm sorry Tom and your last slide here

235
00:08:46,760 --> 00:08:44,550
it seems to me you're showing pheromone

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00:08:48,860 --> 00:08:46,770
molecules directly simulating the

237
00:08:51,650 --> 00:08:48,870
antenna but surely you mean

238
00:08:54,740 --> 00:08:51,660
electromagnetic emission or property of

239
00:08:56,570 --> 00:08:54,750
the ligand stimulating the antenna can

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00:08:58,310 --> 00:08:56,580
you explain what you mean exactly well

241
00:09:02,570 --> 00:08:58,320
not a ligand in the sense that there is

242
00:09:03,860 --> 00:09:02,580
binding ligon would suggest binding yeah

243
00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:03,870
yeah what these are these are fair and

244
00:09:07,430 --> 00:09:05,250
more molecules that are impacting the

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00:09:08,690 --> 00:09:07,440
outside of the sencilla what I am saying

246
00:09:11,570 --> 00:09:08,700
is that the pheromone is not actually

247
00:09:13,910 --> 00:09:11,580
getting inside the sencilla which is a

248
00:09:16,010 --> 00:09:13,920
necessary prerequisite in order for the

249
00:09:17,810 --> 00:09:16,020
dendrite to detect it according to the

250
00:09:19,850 --> 00:09:17,820
current theory of insect olfaction

251
00:09:21,950 --> 00:09:19,860
because they need the lock and key that

252
00:09:23,420 --> 00:09:21,960
pheromone needs to get in there with my

253
00:09:25,360 --> 00:09:23,430
system it just it needs to get on the

254
00:09:28,070 --> 00:09:25,370
outside of it or in very close proximity

255
00:09:30,320 --> 00:09:28,080
set off the antenna and boom the antenna

256
00:09:33,829 --> 00:09:30,330
lights up in this beautiful display that

257
00:09:36,530 --> 00:09:33,839
I've set before you right now Jim

258
00:09:38,390 --> 00:09:36,540
beekler couldn't you test this by

259
00:09:39,950 --> 00:09:38,400
getting rid of pheromones and finding

260
00:09:41,690 --> 00:09:39,960
the resonant frequency and just seeing

261
00:09:44,329 --> 00:09:41,700
the antenna with that resonant frequency

262
00:09:46,220 --> 00:09:44,339
and see how the insects react I can't do

263
00:09:47,810 --> 00:09:46,230
that great question though it's been

264
00:09:49,519 --> 00:09:47,820
talked about for many many years the

265
00:09:51,079 --> 00:09:49,529
reason why is if you take a look at the

266
00:09:52,640 --> 00:09:51,089
vibrational frequencies of a given

267
00:09:54,590 --> 00:09:52,650
pheromone molecule does more than one

268
00:09:57,980 --> 00:09:54,600
there's more than two there's more than